Defintion: A medium or long term debt format that large companies use to borrow money.
A debenture is one of the most typical forms of long term loans that a company can take.
It is normally a loan that should be repaid on a specific date, but some debentures are irredeemable securities (sometimes referred to as perpetual debentures).
The majority of debentures come with a fixed interest rate. This interest must be paid before dividends are paid to shareholders. In the US, most debentures are unsecured, but elsewhere debentures are typically secured through the borrower’s assets.
Debenture holders
Debenture holders (investors) are not allowed to vote in the company's general shareholders meetings, but they may have separate meetings or votes, for instance regarding changes to the rights associated with the debentures.
The interest that is paid to debenture holders is calculated as a charge against profit in the company's financial statements.
Types of debentures
Debentures come in two types:
Convertible debentures: Convertible bonds or bonds that can be converted into equity shares of the issuing company after a predetermined period of time. To investors, convertible bonds are more attractive because the bonds can be converted, and to companies they have the advantage that they normally have lower interest rates than non-convertible corporate bonds.
Non-convertible debentures: Standard debentures that can't be converted into equity shares of the liable company. Since they can't be converted, they usually have higher interest rates than convertible debentures.
Benefits
Debentures are mainly beneficial to companies by having a lower interest rate than other types of loans, e.g. overdrafts. Further, they normally only need to be repaid by a very remote date.
The main benefits of debentures to investors is that they can usually be sold in stock exchanges quite easily and they come with less risk than e.g. equities.